Sailing is more than just travelling from one place to another - it’s about reading the wind, understanding the sea, and being prepared for the unexpected. If you’re planning to sail in Europe, we have chosen some of the most challenging locations across the continent. From the strong Meltemi winds of the Aegean, to the strong currents formed in the Strait of Gibraltar, or the hazardous passages of the Strait of Bonifacio, to the unpredictable waters of the Messina Strait. In all of these waters, it is essential to plan ahead, by checking the weather, studying charts, and gathering local knowledge to ensure a safer journey.
📍The Meltemi winds of the Aegean Sea.
In the Aegean sea, sailors often encounter the strong Meltemi winds. These winds start with little to no warning and can sometimes last for several days. The strength of the wind can disrupt many nautical activities making it difficult to sail in these waters. The period in which they are strongest is probably when many sailors venture into these areas. You can expect to experience them from early summer until the end of September.
The Meltemi winds can reach between 17 to 33 knots, so, if you are sailing in this area, make sure to monitor the wind and weather forecasts. But what exactly causes this kind of wind in this area? The Meltemi winds are a result of the high-pressure system over Turkey and the Balkans.
So, if you are planning on setting sail in this area do not forget that it is essential to plan ahead, study the weather forecast and make sure to find anchorage points. Even though the strong winds can provide an exciting condition for sailing enthusiasts, these winds can create challenging sea conditions, so it is essential to always plan ahead and avoid unnecessary risks. Waves can reach heights over 3 meters and currents can increase the dangers and challenges in this area.
The real question is, how can you tell if the Meltemi is coming? Local sailors are able to notice the changes before the presence of Meltemi Winds and they will be able to provide their experience and information to make your experience safer and more enjoyable. Here are some of the changes to look out for: a sudden drop in humidity, increased atmospheric pressure, improved visibility, and altocumulus clouds
📍The Strait of Messina, a timeless challenge.
The Strait of Messina, is located between mainland Italy and Sicily, stretching just 3km (2 nautical miles) wide, and 32 km (20 NM) long. This narrow stretch of water has challenged sailors for centuries. The main obstacles people will encounter here nowadays are the currents, whirlpools and high sea traffic so expect frequent AIS warnings.
The Strait connects the Tyrrhenian Sea in the North and the Ionian on the South. The differences between the two seas and differences in tides create a unique situation where it alters the movement of the waters by interfering with the currents.
The whirlpools that are formed here are mainly caused by the strong tidal currents created by the two seas meeting. When they meet in the narrow strait, they form strong turbulence.
Although it can be challenging, studying the tides, currents and marine forecasts before you set through you will be assured a safe passage.
It is extremely busy strait full of cargo ships, ferries, and recreational boats. On the charts you will notice that there are designation lanes so if you are traveling southbound you travel right along the coast of Sicily and if you travel northbound on the right along the coast of Calabria. You can always connect your AIS data directly to your mobile device or tablet.
📍Strait of Gibraltar - Sailing between continents
Our final destination is the notorious Strait of Gibraltar. This strait separates Europe from Africa and connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea with the narrowest point between Spain and Morocco being only separated by 7.7 nautical miles (14km). This area is known by sailors for its strong winds and currents, heavy marine traffic, and in the last few years, orca attacks on boats.
Due to the geography of the strait expect strong winds coming from either east or west. The Levante, or easterly winds, are strong, dry winds that can reach 30-50 knots which can cause rough seas and reduced visibility.
As in the Strait of Messina, the Strait of Gibraltar is where two very different bodies of water meet. Here, the Atlantic, with its cooler, less salty and less dense waters meets the warmer, saltier, denser waters of the Mediterranean. This difference, combined with opposing tidal flows, creates strong and often unpredictable currents. Don’t forget to monitor the tidal streams before you sail. Many suggest finding days where there are lighter or favourable winds.
In recent years, there has been an increased amount of orca attacks on boats off the coast of Spain and Portugal. The orca activity in the Strait of Gibraltar is usually active during the period of April to early July. The damage typically affects the rudders and to date no-one has been injured by the orca. If you are traveling during this period make sure to stay updated with the latest interactions and recommendations made by the local authorities
Here is a useful resource to track the latest interactions. https://www.orcaiberica.org/en
Sailing in Europe presents a variety of challenges, from powerful winds to complex currents and heavy maritime traffic. Whether you're navigating the sudden gusts of the Meltemi, the swirling whirlpools of the Messina Strait, or the strong tides and unpredictable orcas of the Strait of Gibraltar, preparation is key. Understanding local weather patterns, studying charts, and gathering insights from experienced sailors can make all the difference in ensuring a safe and enjoyable passage. While these waters demand respect and careful planning, they also offer thrilling experiences and unforgettable sailing adventures for those ready to take on the challenge.
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